# Cygwin Overview

## What is it?

Cygwin is a Linux-like environment for Windows. It consists of a DLL (`cygwin1.dll`), which acts as an emulation layer providing substantial POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) system call functionality, and a collection of tools, which provide a Linux look and feel. The Cygwin DLL works with all x86 and AMD64 versions of Windows NT since Windows XP SP3. The API follows the Single Unix Specification as much as possible, and then Linux practice. The major differences between Cygwin and Linux is the C library (`newlib` instead of `glibc`).

With Cygwin installed, users have access to many standard UNIX utilities. They can be used from one of the provided shells such as `bash` or from the Windows Command Prompt. Additionally, programmers may write Win32 console or GUI applications that make use of the standard Microsoft Win32 API and/or the Cygwin API. As a result, it is possible to easily port many significant UNIX programs without the need for extensive changes to the source code. This includes configuring and building most of the available GNU software (including the development tools included with the Cygwin distribution).

## Are the Cygwin tools free software?

Yes. Parts are GNU software (`gcc`, `gas`, `ld`, etc.), parts are covered by the standard X11 license, some of it is public domain, some of it was written by Red Hat and placed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). None of it is shareware. You don't have to pay anyone to use it but you should be sure to read the copyright section of the FAQ for more information on how the GNU GPL may affect your use of these tools. If you intend to port a proprietary application using the Cygwin library, you may want the Cygwin proprietary-use license. For more information about the proprietary-use license, please go to http://www.redhat.com/services/custom/cygwin/. Customers of the native Win32 GNUPro should feel free to submit bug reports and ask questions through Red Hat channels. All other questions should be sent to the project mailing list cygwin@cygwin.com.

## A brief history of the Cygwin project

A historical look into the first years of Cygwin development is Geoffrey J. Noer's 1998 paper, "Cygwin32: A Free Win32 Porting Layer for UNIX® Applications" which can be found at the 2nd USENIX Windows NT Symposium Online Proceedings.

Cygwin began development in 1995 at Cygnus Solutions (now part of Red Hat, Inc.). The first thing done was to enhance the development tools (`gcc`, `gdb`, `gas`, etc.) so that they could generate and interpret Win32 native object files. The next task was to port the tools to Win NT/9x. We could have done this by rewriting large portions of the source to work within the context of the Win32 API. But this would have meant spending a huge amount of time on each and every tool. Instead, we took a substantially different approach by writing a shared library (the Cygwin DLL) that adds the necessary UNIX-like functionality missing from the Win32 API (`fork`, `spawn`, `signals`, `select`, `sockets`, etc.). We call this new interface the Cygwin API. Once written, it was possible to build working Win32 tools using UNIX-hosted cross-compilers, linking against this library.

From this point, we pursued the goal of producing Windows-hosted tools capable of rebuilding themselves under Windows 9x and NT (this is often called self-hosting). Since neither OS ships with standard UNIX user tools (fileutils, textutils, bash, etc...), we had to get the GNU equivalents working with the Cygwin API. Many of these tools were previously only built natively so we had to modify their configure scripts to be compatible with cross-compilation. Other than the configuration changes, very few source-level changes had to be made since Cygwin provided a UNIX-like API. Running bash with the development tools and user tools in place, Windows 9x and NT looked like a flavor of UNIX from the perspective of the GNU configure mechanism. Self hosting was achieved as of the beta 17.1 release in October 1996.

The entire Cygwin toolset was available as a monolithic install. In April 2000, the project announced a New Cygwin Net Release which provided the native non-Cygwin Win32 program `setup.exe` to install and upgrade each package separately. Since then, the Cygwin DLL and `setup.exe` have seen continuous development.

The biggest major improvement in this development is the 1.7 release in 2009, which dropped Windows 95/98/Me support in favor of using Windows NT features more extensively. It adds a lot of new features like case-sensitive filenames, NFS interoperability, IPv6 support and much more.

The latest big improvement is the 64 bit Cygwin DLL which allows to run natively on AMD64 Windows machines. The first release available in a 64 bit version is 1.7.19.