#
View Source Stream (Elixir v1.15.7)

Functions for creating and composing streams.

Streams are composable, lazy enumerables (for an introduction on enumerables, see the `Enum` module). Any enumerable that generates elements one by one during enumeration is called a stream. For example, Elixir's `Range` is a stream:

    iex> range = 1..5
    1..5
    iex> Enum.map(range, &(&1 * 2))
    [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

In the example above, as we mapped over the range, the elements being enumerated were created one by one, during enumeration. The `Stream` module allows us to map the range, without triggering its enumeration:

    iex> range = 1..3
    iex> stream = Stream.map(range, &(&1 * 2))
    iex> Enum.map(stream, &(&1 + 1))
    [3, 5, 7]

Note that we started with a range and then we created a stream that is meant to multiply each element in the range by 2. At this point, no computation was done. Only when `Enum.map/2` is called we actually enumerate over each element in the range, multiplying it by 2 and adding 1. We say the functions in `Stream` are lazy and the functions in `Enum` are eager.

Due to their laziness, streams are useful when working with large (or even infinite) collections. When chaining many operations with `Enum`, intermediate lists are created, while `Stream` creates a recipe of computations that are executed at a later moment. Let's see another example:

    1..3
    |> Enum.map(&IO.inspect(&1))
    |> Enum.map(&(&1 * 2))
    |> Enum.map(&IO.inspect(&1))
    1
    2
    3
    2
    4
    6
    #=> [2, 4, 6]

Note that we first printed each element in the list, then multiplied each element by 2 and finally printed each new value. In this example, the list was enumerated three times. Let's see an example with streams:

    stream = 1..3
    |> Stream.map(&IO.inspect(&1))
    |> Stream.map(&(&1 * 2))
    |> Stream.map(&IO.inspect(&1))
    Enum.to_list(stream)
    1
    2
    2
    4
    3
    6
    #=> [2, 4, 6]

Although the end result is the same, the order in which the elements were printed changed! With streams, we print the first element and then print its double. In this example, the list was enumerated just once!

That's what we meant when we said earlier that streams are composable, lazy enumerables. Note that we could call `Stream.map/2` multiple times, effectively composing the streams and keeping them lazy. The computations are only performed when you call a function from the `Enum` module.

Like with `Enum`, the functions in this module work in linear time. This means that, the time it takes to perform an operation grows at the same rate as the length of the list. This is expected on operations such as `Stream.map/2`. After all, if we want to traverse every element on a stream, the longer the stream, the more elements we need to traverse, and the longer it will take.

## Creating Streams

There are many functions in Elixir's standard library that return streams, some examples are:

- `IO.stream/2` - streams input lines, one by one
- `URI.query_decoder/1` - decodes a query string, pair by pair

This module also provides many convenience functions for creating streams, like `Stream.cycle/1`, `Stream.unfold/2`, `Stream.resource/3` and more.

Note the functions in this module are guaranteed to return enumerables. Since enumerables can have different shapes (structs, anonymous functions, and so on), the functions in this module may return any of those shapes and this may change at any time. For example, a function that today returns an anonymous function may return a struct in future releases.

# Summary

## Types

acc()
default()
element()
index()

Zero-based index.

timer()

## Functions

chunk_by(enum, fun)

Chunks the `enum` by buffering elements for which `fun` returns the same value.

chunk_every(enum, count)

Shortcut to `chunk_every(enum, count, count)`.

chunk_every(enum, count, step, leftover \\ [])

Streams the enumerable in chunks, containing `count` elements each, where each new chunk starts `step` elements into the enumerable.

chunk_while(enum, acc, chunk_fun, after_fun)

Chunks the `enum` with fine grained control when every chunk is emitted.

concat(enumerables)

Creates a stream that enumerates each enumerable in an enumerable.

concat(first, second)

Creates a stream that enumerates the first argument, followed by the second.

cycle(enumerable)

Creates a stream that cycles through the given enumerable, infinitely.

dedup(enum)

Creates a stream that only emits elements if they are different from the last emitted element.

dedup_by(enum, fun)

Creates a stream that only emits elements if the result of calling `fun` on the element is different from the (stored) result of calling `fun` on the last emitted element.

drop(enum, n)

Lazily drops the next `n` elements from the enumerable.

drop_every(enum, nth)

Creates a stream that drops every `nth` element from the enumerable.

drop_while(enum, fun)

Lazily drops elements of the enumerable while the given function returns a truthy value.

duplicate(value, n)

Duplicates the given element `n` times in a stream.

each(enum, fun)

Executes the given function for each element.

filter(enum, fun)

Creates a stream that filters elements according to the given function on enumeration.

flat_map(enum, mapper)

Maps the given `fun` over `enumerable` and flattens the result.

intersperse(enumerable, intersperse_element)

Lazily intersperses `intersperse_element` between each element of the enumeration.

interval(n)

Creates a stream that emits a value after the given period `n` in milliseconds.

into(enum, collectable, transform \\ fn x -> x end)

Injects the stream values into the given collectable as a side-effect.

iterate(start_value, next_fun)

Emits a sequence of values, starting with `start_value`. Successive values are generated by calling `next_fun` on the previous value.

map(enum, fun)

Creates a stream that will apply the given function on enumeration.

map_every(enum, nth, fun)

Creates a stream that will apply the given function on every `nth` element from the enumerable.

reject(enum, fun)

Creates a stream that will reject elements according to the given function on enumeration.

repeatedly(generator_fun)

Returns a stream generated by calling `generator_fun` repeatedly.

resource(start_fun, next_fun, after_fun)

Emits a sequence of values for the given resource.

run(stream)

Runs the given stream.

scan(enum, fun)

Creates a stream that applies the given function to each element, emits the result and uses the same result as the accumulator for the next computation. Uses the first element in the enumerable as the starting value.

scan(enum, acc, fun)

Creates a stream that applies the given function to each element, emits the result and uses the same result as the accumulator for the next computation. Uses the given `acc` as the starting value.

take(enum, count)

Lazily takes the next `count` elements from the enumerable and stops enumeration.

take_every(enum, nth)

Creates a stream that takes every `nth` element from the enumerable.

take_while(enum, fun)

Lazily takes elements of the enumerable while the given function returns a truthy value.

timer(n)

Creates a stream that emits a single value after `n` milliseconds.

transform(enum, acc, reducer)

Transforms an existing stream.

transform(enum, start_fun, reducer, after_fun)

Similar to `Stream.transform/5`, except `last_fun` is not supplied.

transform(enum, start_fun, reducer, last_fun, after_fun)

Transforms an existing stream with function-based start, last, and after callbacks.

unfold(next_acc, next_fun)

Emits a sequence of values for the given accumulator.

uniq(enum)

Creates a stream that only emits elements if they are unique.

uniq_by(enum, fun)

Creates a stream that only emits elements if they are unique, by removing the elements for which function `fun` returned duplicate elements.

with_index(enum, offset \\ 0)

Creates a stream where each element in the enumerable will be wrapped in a tuple alongside its index.

zip(enumerables)

Zips corresponding elements from a finite collection of enumerables into one stream of tuples.

zip(enumerable1, enumerable2)

Zips two enumerables together, lazily.

zip_with(enumerables, zip_fun)

Lazily zips corresponding elements from a finite collection of enumerables into a new enumerable, transforming them with the `zip_fun` function as it goes.

zip_with(enumerable1, enumerable2, zip_fun)

Lazily zips corresponding elements from two enumerables into a new one, transforming them with the `zip_fun` function as it goes.

# Types

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# acc()

View Source

    @type acc() :: any()

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# default()

View Source

    @type default() :: any()

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# element()

View Source

    @type element() :: any()

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# index()

View Source

    @type index() :: non_neg_integer()

Zero-based index.

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# timer()

View Source

    @type timer() :: non_neg_integer() | :infinity

# Functions

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# chunk_by(enum, fun)

View Source

    @spec chunk_by(Enumerable.t(), (element() -> any())) :: Enumerable.t()

Chunks the `enum` by buffering elements for which `fun` returns the same value.

Elements are only emitted when `fun` returns a new value or the `enum` finishes.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.chunk_by([1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 6, 7, 7], &(rem(&1, 2) == 1))
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [[1], [2, 2], [3], [4, 4, 6], [7, 7]]

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# chunk_every(enum, count)

View Source (since 1.5.0)

    @spec chunk_every(Enumerable.t(), pos_integer()) :: Enumerable.t()

Shortcut to `chunk_every(enum, count, count)`.

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# chunk_every(enum, count, step, leftover \\ [])

View Source (since 1.5.0)

    @spec chunk_every(
      Enumerable.t(),
      pos_integer(),
      pos_integer(),
      Enumerable.t() | :discard
    ) ::
      Enumerable.t()

Streams the enumerable in chunks, containing `count` elements each, where each new chunk starts `step` elements into the enumerable.

`step` is optional and, if not passed, defaults to `count`, i.e. chunks do not overlap. Chunking will stop as soon as the collection ends or when we emit an incomplete chunk.

If the last chunk does not have `count` elements to fill the chunk, elements are taken from `leftover` to fill in the chunk. If `leftover` does not have enough elements to fill the chunk, then a partial chunk is returned with less than `count` elements.

If `:discard` is given in `leftover`, the last chunk is discarded unless it has exactly `count` elements.

## Examples

    iex> Stream.chunk_every([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 2) |> Enum.to_list()
    [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]

    iex> Stream.chunk_every([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 3, 2, :discard) |> Enum.to_list()
    [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5]]

    iex> Stream.chunk_every([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 3, 2, [7]) |> Enum.to_list()
    [[1, 2, 3], [3, 4, 5], [5, 6, 7]]

    iex> Stream.chunk_every([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], 3, 3, []) |> Enum.to_list()
    [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]

    iex> Stream.chunk_every([1, 2, 3, 4], 3, 3, Stream.cycle([0])) |> Enum.to_list()
    [[1, 2, 3], [4, 0, 0]]

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# chunk_while(enum, acc, chunk_fun, after_fun)

View Source (since 1.5.0)

    @spec chunk_while(
      Enumerable.t(),
      acc(),
      (element(), acc() -> {:cont, chunk, acc()} | {:cont, acc()} | {:halt, acc()}),
      (acc() -> {:cont, chunk, acc()} | {:cont, acc()})
    ) :: Enumerable.t()
    when chunk: any()

Chunks the `enum` with fine grained control when every chunk is emitted.

`chunk_fun` receives the current element and the accumulator and must return `{:cont, element, acc}` to emit the given chunk and continue with accumulator or `{:cont, acc}` to not emit any chunk and continue with the return accumulator.

`after_fun` is invoked when iteration is done and must also return `{:cont, element, acc}` or `{:cont, acc}`.

## Examples

    iex> chunk_fun = fn element, acc ->
    ...>   if rem(element, 2) == 0 do
    ...>     {:cont, Enum.reverse([element | acc]), []}
    ...>   else
    ...>     {:cont, [element | acc]}
    ...>   end
    ...> end
    iex> after_fun = fn
    ...>   [] -> {:cont, []}
    ...>   acc -> {:cont, Enum.reverse(acc), []}
    ...> end
    iex> stream = Stream.chunk_while(1..10, [], chunk_fun, after_fun)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6], [7, 8], [9, 10]]

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# concat(enumerables)

View Source

    @spec concat(Enumerable.t()) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that enumerates each enumerable in an enumerable.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.concat([1..3, 4..6, 7..9])
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

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# concat(first, second)

View Source

    @spec concat(Enumerable.t(), Enumerable.t()) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that enumerates the first argument, followed by the second.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.concat(1..3, 4..6)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

    iex> stream1 = Stream.cycle([1, 2, 3])
    iex> stream2 = Stream.cycle([4, 5, 6])
    iex> stream = Stream.concat(stream1, stream2)
    iex> Enum.take(stream, 6)
    [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

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# cycle(enumerable)

View Source

    @spec cycle(Enumerable.t()) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that cycles through the given enumerable, infinitely.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.cycle([1, 2, 3])
    iex> Enum.take(stream, 5)
    [1, 2, 3, 1, 2]

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# dedup(enum)

View Source

    @spec dedup(Enumerable.t()) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that only emits elements if they are different from the last emitted element.

This function only ever needs to store the last emitted element.

Elements are compared using `===/2`.

## Examples

    iex> Stream.dedup([1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1]) |> Enum.to_list()
    [1, 2, 3, 2, 1]

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# dedup_by(enum, fun)

View Source

    @spec dedup_by(Enumerable.t(), (element() -> term())) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that only emits elements if the result of calling `fun` on the element is different from the (stored) result of calling `fun` on the last emitted element.

## Examples

    iex> Stream.dedup_by([{1, :x}, {2, :y}, {2, :z}, {1, :x}], fn {x, _} -> x end) |> Enum.to_list()
    [{1, :x}, {2, :y}, {1, :x}]

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# drop(enum, n)

View Source

    @spec drop(Enumerable.t(), integer()) :: Enumerable.t()

Lazily drops the next `n` elements from the enumerable.

If a negative `n` is given, it will drop the last `n` elements from the collection. Note that the mechanism by which this is implemented will delay the emission of any element until `n` additional elements have been emitted by the enum.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.drop(1..10, 5)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

    iex> stream = Stream.drop(1..10, -5)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

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# drop_every(enum, nth)

View Source

    @spec drop_every(Enumerable.t(), non_neg_integer()) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that drops every `nth` element from the enumerable.

The first element is always dropped, unless `nth` is 0.

`nth` must be a non-negative integer.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.drop_every(1..10, 2)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

    iex> stream = Stream.drop_every(1..1000, 1)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    []

    iex> stream = Stream.drop_every([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 0)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

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# drop_while(enum, fun)

View Source

    @spec drop_while(Enumerable.t(), (element() -> as_boolean(term()))) :: Enumerable.t()

Lazily drops elements of the enumerable while the given function returns a truthy value.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.drop_while(1..10, &(&1 <= 5))
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

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# duplicate(value, n)

View Source (since 1.14.0)

    @spec duplicate(any(), non_neg_integer()) :: Enumerable.t()

Duplicates the given element `n` times in a stream.

`n` is an integer greater than or equal to `0`.

If `n` is `0`, an empty stream is returned.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.duplicate("hello", 0)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    []

    iex> stream = Stream.duplicate("hi", 1)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    ["hi"]

    iex> stream = Stream.duplicate("bye", 2)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    ["bye", "bye"]

    iex> stream = Stream.duplicate([1, 2], 3)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [[1, 2], [1, 2], [1, 2]]

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# each(enum, fun)

View Source

    @spec each(Enumerable.t(), (element() -> term())) :: Enumerable.t()

Executes the given function for each element.

The values in the stream do not change, therefore this function is useful for adding side effects (like printing) to a stream. See `map/2` if producing a different stream is desired.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.each([1, 2, 3], fn x -> send(self(), x) end)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    iex> receive do: (x when is_integer(x) -> x)
    1
    iex> receive do: (x when is_integer(x) -> x)
    2
    iex> receive do: (x when is_integer(x) -> x)
    3

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# filter(enum, fun)

View Source

    @spec filter(Enumerable.t(), (element() -> as_boolean(term()))) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that filters elements according to the given function on enumeration.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.filter([1, 2, 3], fn x -> rem(x, 2) == 0 end)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [2]

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# flat_map(enum, mapper)

View Source

    @spec flat_map(Enumerable.t(), (element() -> Enumerable.t())) :: Enumerable.t()

Maps the given `fun` over `enumerable` and flattens the result.

This function returns a new stream built by appending the result of invoking `fun` on each element of `enumerable` together.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.flat_map([1, 2, 3], fn x -> [x, x * 2] end)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 2, 2, 4, 3, 6]

    iex> stream = Stream.flat_map([1, 2, 3], fn x -> [[x]] end)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [[1], [2], [3]]

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# intersperse(enumerable, intersperse_element)

View Source (since 1.6.0)

    @spec intersperse(Enumerable.t(), any()) :: Enumerable.t()

Lazily intersperses `intersperse_element` between each element of the enumeration.

## Examples

    iex> Stream.intersperse([1, 2, 3], 0) |> Enum.to_list()
    [1, 0, 2, 0, 3]

    iex> Stream.intersperse([1], 0) |> Enum.to_list()
    [1]

    iex> Stream.intersperse([], 0) |> Enum.to_list()
    []

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# interval(n)

View Source

    @spec interval(timer()) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that emits a value after the given period `n` in milliseconds.

The values emitted are an increasing counter starting at `0`. This operation will block the caller by the given interval every time a new element is streamed.

Do not use this function to generate a sequence of numbers. If blocking the caller process is not necessary, use `Stream.iterate(0, & &1 + 1)` instead.

## Examples

    iex> Stream.interval(10) |> Enum.take(10)
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

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# into(enum, collectable, transform \\ fn x -> x end)

View Source

    @spec into(Enumerable.t(), Collectable.t(), (term() -> term())) :: Enumerable.t()

Injects the stream values into the given collectable as a side-effect.

This function is often used with `run/1` since any evaluation is delayed until the stream is executed. See `run/1` for an example.

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# iterate(start_value, next_fun)

View Source

    @spec iterate(element(), (element() -> element())) :: Enumerable.t()

Emits a sequence of values, starting with `start_value`. Successive values are generated by calling `next_fun` on the previous value.

## Examples

    iex> Stream.iterate(0, &(&1 + 1)) |> Enum.take(5)
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

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# map(enum, fun)

View Source

    @spec map(Enumerable.t(), (element() -> any())) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that will apply the given function on enumeration.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.map([1, 2, 3], fn x -> x * 2 end)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [2, 4, 6]

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# map_every(enum, nth, fun)

View Source (since 1.4.0)

    @spec map_every(Enumerable.t(), non_neg_integer(), (element() -> any())) ::
      Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that will apply the given function on every `nth` element from the enumerable.

The first element is always passed to the given function.

`nth` must be a non-negative integer.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.map_every(1..10, 2, fn x -> x * 2 end)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [2, 2, 6, 4, 10, 6, 14, 8, 18, 10]

    iex> stream = Stream.map_every([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 1, fn x -> x * 2 end)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

    iex> stream = Stream.map_every(1..5, 0, fn x -> x * 2 end)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

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# reject(enum, fun)

View Source

    @spec reject(Enumerable.t(), (element() -> as_boolean(term()))) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that will reject elements according to the given function on enumeration.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.reject([1, 2, 3], fn x -> rem(x, 2) == 0 end)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 3]

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# repeatedly(generator_fun)

View Source

    @spec repeatedly((-> element())) :: Enumerable.t()

Returns a stream generated by calling `generator_fun` repeatedly.

## Examples

    # Although not necessary, let's seed the random algorithm
    iex> :rand.seed(:exsss, {1, 2, 3})
    iex> Stream.repeatedly(&:rand.uniform/0) |> Enum.take(3)
    [0.5455598952593053, 0.6039309974353404, 0.6684893034823949]

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# resource(start_fun, next_fun, after_fun)

View Source

    @spec resource(
      (-> acc()),
      (acc() -> {[element()], acc()} | {:halt, acc()}),
      (acc() -> term())
    ) ::
      Enumerable.t()

Emits a sequence of values for the given resource.

Similar to `transform/3` but the initial accumulated value is computed lazily via `start_fun` and executes an `after_fun` at the end of enumeration (both in cases of success and failure).

Successive values are generated by calling `next_fun` with the previous accumulator (the initial value being the result returned by `start_fun`) and it must return a tuple containing a list of elements to be emitted and the next accumulator. The enumeration finishes if it returns `{:halt, acc}`.

As the function name suggests, this function is useful to stream values from resources.

## Examples

    Stream.resource(
      fn -> File.open!("sample") end,
      fn file ->
        case IO.read(file, :line) do
          data when is_binary(data) -> {[data], file}
          _ -> {:halt, file}
        end
      end,
      fn file -> File.close(file) end
    )

    iex> Stream.resource(
    ...>  fn ->
    ...>    {:ok, pid} = StringIO.open("string")
    ...>    pid
    ...>  end,
    ...>  fn pid ->
    ...>    case IO.getn(pid, "", 1) do
    ...>      :eof -> {:halt, pid}
    ...>      char -> {[char], pid}
    ...>    end
    ...>  end,
    ...>  fn pid -> StringIO.close(pid) end
    ...> ) |> Enum.to_list()
    ["s", "t", "r", "i", "n", "g"]

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# run(stream)

View Source

    @spec run(Enumerable.t()) :: :ok

Runs the given stream.

This is useful when a stream needs to be run, for side effects, and there is no interest in its return result.

## Examples

Open up a file, replace all `#` by `%` and stream to another file without loading the whole file in memory:

    File.stream!("/path/to/file")
    |> Stream.map(&String.replace(&1, "#", "%"))
    |> Stream.into(File.stream!("/path/to/other/file"))
    |> Stream.run()

No computation will be done until we call one of the `Enum` functions or `run/1`.

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# scan(enum, fun)

View Source

    @spec scan(Enumerable.t(), (element(), acc() -> any())) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that applies the given function to each element, emits the result and uses the same result as the accumulator for the next computation. Uses the first element in the enumerable as the starting value.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.scan(1..5, &(&1 + &2))
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 3, 6, 10, 15]

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# scan(enum, acc, fun)

View Source

    @spec scan(Enumerable.t(), acc(), (element(), acc() -> any())) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that applies the given function to each element, emits the result and uses the same result as the accumulator for the next computation. Uses the given `acc` as the starting value.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.scan(1..5, 0, &(&1 + &2))
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 3, 6, 10, 15]

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# take(enum, count)

View Source

    @spec take(Enumerable.t(), integer()) :: Enumerable.t()

Lazily takes the next `count` elements from the enumerable and stops enumeration.

If a negative `count` is given, the last `count` values will be taken. For such, the collection is fully enumerated keeping up to `2 * count` elements in memory. Once the end of the collection is reached, the last `count` elements will be executed. Therefore, using a negative `count` on an infinite collection will never return.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.take(1..100, 5)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

    iex> stream = Stream.take(1..100, -5)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [96, 97, 98, 99, 100]

    iex> stream = Stream.cycle([1, 2, 3]) |> Stream.take(5)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 2, 3, 1, 2]

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# take_every(enum, nth)

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    @spec take_every(Enumerable.t(), non_neg_integer()) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that takes every `nth` element from the enumerable.

The first element is always included, unless `nth` is 0.

`nth` must be a non-negative integer.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.take_every(1..10, 2)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

    iex> stream = Stream.take_every([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 1)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

    iex> stream = Stream.take_every(1..1000, 0)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    []

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# take_while(enum, fun)

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    @spec take_while(Enumerable.t(), (element() -> as_boolean(term()))) :: Enumerable.t()

Lazily takes elements of the enumerable while the given function returns a truthy value.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.take_while(1..100, &(&1 <= 5))
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

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# timer(n)

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    @spec timer(timer()) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that emits a single value after `n` milliseconds.

The value emitted is `0`. This operation will block the caller by the given time until the element is streamed.

## Examples

    iex> Stream.timer(10) |> Enum.to_list()
    [0]

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# transform(enum, acc, reducer)

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    @spec transform(Enumerable.t(), acc, fun) :: Enumerable.t()
    when fun: (element(), acc -> {Enumerable.t(), acc} | {:halt, acc}), acc: any()

Transforms an existing stream.

It expects an accumulator and a function that receives two arguments, the stream element and the updated accumulator. It must return a tuple, where the first element is a new stream (often a list) or the atom `:halt`, and the second element is the accumulator to be used by the next element.

Note: this function is equivalent to `Enum.flat_map_reduce/3`, except this function does not return the accumulator once the stream is processed.

## Examples

`Stream.transform/3` is useful as it can be used as the basis to implement many of the functions defined in this module. For example, we can implement `Stream.take(enum, n)` as follows:

    iex> enum = 1001..9999
    iex> n = 3
    iex> stream = Stream.transform(enum, 0, fn i, acc ->
    ...>   if acc < n, do: {[i], acc + 1}, else: {:halt, acc}
    ...> end)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [1001, 1002, 1003]

`Stream.transform/5` further generalizes this function to allow wrapping around resources.

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# transform(enum, start_fun, reducer, after_fun)

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    @spec transform(Enumerable.t(), start_fun, reducer, after_fun) :: Enumerable.t()
    when start_fun: (-> acc),
         reducer: (element(), acc -> {Enumerable.t(), acc} | {:halt, acc}),
         after_fun: (acc -> term()),
         acc: any()

Similar to `Stream.transform/5`, except `last_fun` is not supplied.

This function can be seen as a combination of `Stream.resource/3` with `Stream.transform/3`.

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# transform(enum, start_fun, reducer, last_fun, after_fun)

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    @spec transform(Enumerable.t(), start_fun, reducer, last_fun, after_fun) ::
      Enumerable.t()
    when start_fun: (-> acc),
         reducer: (element(), acc -> {Enumerable.t(), acc} | {:halt, acc}),
         last_fun: (acc -> {Enumerable.t(), acc} | {:halt, acc}),
         after_fun: (acc -> term()),
         acc: any()

Transforms an existing stream with function-based start, last, and after callbacks.

Once transformation starts, `start_fun` is invoked to compute the initial accumulator. Then, for each element in the enumerable, the `reducer` function is invoked with the element and the accumulator, returning new elements and a new accumulator, as in `transform/3`.

Once the collection is done, `last_fun` is invoked with the accumulator to emit any remaining items. Then `after_fun` is invoked, to close any resource, but not emitting any new items. `last_fun` is only invoked if the given enumerable terminates successfully (either because it is done or it halted itself). `after_fun` is always invoked, therefore `after_fun` must be the one used for closing resources.

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# unfold(next_acc, next_fun)

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    @spec unfold(acc(), (acc() -> {element(), acc()} | nil)) :: Enumerable.t()

Emits a sequence of values for the given accumulator.

Successive values are generated by calling `next_fun` with the previous accumulator and it must return a tuple with the current value and next accumulator. The enumeration finishes if it returns `nil`.

## Examples

To create a stream that counts down and stops before zero:

    iex> Stream.unfold(5, fn
    ...>   0 -> nil
    ...>   n -> {n, n - 1}
    ...> end) |> Enum.to_list()
    [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

If `next_fun` never returns `nil`, the returned stream is infinite:

    iex> Stream.unfold(0, fn
    ...>   n -> {n, n + 1}
    ...> end) |> Enum.take(10)
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

    iex> Stream.unfold(1, fn
    ...>   n -> {n, n * 2}
    ...> end) |> Enum.take(10)
    [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512]

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# uniq(enum)

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    @spec uniq(Enumerable.t()) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that only emits elements if they are unique.

Keep in mind that, in order to know if an element is unique or not, this function needs to store all unique values emitted by the stream. Therefore, if the stream is infinite, the number of elements stored will grow infinitely, never being garbage-collected.

## Examples

    iex> Stream.uniq([1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 1]) |> Enum.to_list()
    [1, 2, 3]

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# uniq_by(enum, fun)

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    @spec uniq_by(Enumerable.t(), (element() -> term())) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream that only emits elements if they are unique, by removing the elements for which function `fun` returned duplicate elements.

The function `fun` maps every element to a term which is used to determine if two elements are duplicates.

Keep in mind that, in order to know if an element is unique or not, this function needs to store all unique values emitted by the stream. Therefore, if the stream is infinite, the number of elements stored will grow infinitely, never being garbage-collected.

## Example

    iex> Stream.uniq_by([{1, :x}, {2, :y}, {1, :z}], fn {x, _} -> x end) |> Enum.to_list()
    [{1, :x}, {2, :y}]

    iex> Stream.uniq_by([a: {:tea, 2}, b: {:tea, 2}, c: {:coffee, 1}], fn {_, y} -> y end) |> Enum.to_list()
    [a: {:tea, 2}, c: {:coffee, 1}]

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# with_index(enum, offset \\ 0)

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    @spec with_index(Enumerable.t(), integer()) :: Enumerable.t()

Creates a stream where each element in the enumerable will be wrapped in a tuple alongside its index.

If an `offset` is given, we will index from the given offset instead of from zero.

## Examples

    iex> stream = Stream.with_index([1, 2, 3])
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [{1, 0}, {2, 1}, {3, 2}]

    iex> stream = Stream.with_index([1, 2, 3], 3)
    iex> Enum.to_list(stream)
    [{1, 3}, {2, 4}, {3, 5}]

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# zip(enumerables)

View Source (since 1.4.0)

    @spec zip(enumerables) :: Enumerable.t()
    when enumerables: [Enumerable.t()] | Enumerable.t()

Zips corresponding elements from a finite collection of enumerables into one stream of tuples.

The zipping finishes as soon as any enumerable in the given collection completes.

## Examples

    iex> concat = Stream.concat(1..3, 4..6)
    iex> cycle = Stream.cycle(["foo", "bar", "baz"])
    iex> Stream.zip([concat, [:a, :b, :c], cycle]) |> Enum.to_list()
    [{1, :a, "foo"}, {2, :b, "bar"}, {3, :c, "baz"}]

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# zip(enumerable1, enumerable2)

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    @spec zip(Enumerable.t(), Enumerable.t()) :: Enumerable.t()

Zips two enumerables together, lazily.

The zipping finishes as soon as either enumerable completes.

## Examples

    iex> concat = Stream.concat(1..3, 4..6)
    iex> cycle = Stream.cycle([:a, :b, :c])
    iex> Stream.zip(concat, cycle) |> Enum.to_list()
    [{1, :a}, {2, :b}, {3, :c}, {4, :a}, {5, :b}, {6, :c}]

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# zip_with(enumerables, zip_fun)

View Source (since 1.12.0)

    @spec zip_with(enumerables, (Enumerable.t() -> term())) :: Enumerable.t()
    when enumerables: [Enumerable.t()] | Enumerable.t()

Lazily zips corresponding elements from a finite collection of enumerables into a new enumerable, transforming them with the `zip_fun` function as it goes.

The first element from each of the enums in `enumerables` will be put into a list which is then passed to the one-arity `zip_fun` function. Then, the second elements from each of the enums are put into a list and passed to `zip_fun`, and so on until any one of the enums in `enumerables` completes.

Returns a new enumerable with the results of calling `zip_fun`.

## Examples

    iex> concat = Stream.concat(1..3, 4..6)
    iex> Stream.zip_with([concat, concat], fn [a, b] -> a + b end) |> Enum.to_list()
    [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]

    iex> concat = Stream.concat(1..3, 4..6)
    iex> Stream.zip_with([concat, concat, 1..3], fn [a, b, c] -> a + b + c end) |> Enum.to_list()
    [3, 6, 9]

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# zip_with(enumerable1, enumerable2, zip_fun)

View Source (since 1.12.0)

    @spec zip_with(Enumerable.t(), Enumerable.t(), (term(), term() -> term())) ::
      Enumerable.t()

Lazily zips corresponding elements from two enumerables into a new one, transforming them with the `zip_fun` function as it goes.

The `zip_fun` will be called with the first element from `enumerable1` and the first element from `enumerable2`, then with the second element from each, and so on until either one of the enumerables completes.

## Examples

    iex> concat = Stream.concat(1..3, 4..6)
    iex> Stream.zip_with(concat, concat, fn a, b -> a + b end) |> Enum.to_list()
    [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12]